By Councils in England made a total of £930m from parking fines in a year, figures show.
The record figure during the last financial year is a 7% increase on 2017-18, the RAC Foundation says.
Seventeen out of the top 20 fining councils are in London, with Westminster Council accruing the largest amount, at £69m.
Brighton and Hove, Birmingham and Milton Keynes were the only three in the top 20 not in the capital.
Kensington and Chelsea was second in London, with a total of £37m.
Any money made from parking activities – which includes fines and tickets – must be spent on local transport projects.
The study was carried out by transport consultant David Leibling, who analysed Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government data.
Local authorities received an income of £1.746bn from their parking operations in 2018-19, which included £454m from penalties, which is up 6% year-on-year.
The amount councils spent on running their day-to-day parking operations was £816m, not including interest payments or depreciation of assets such as car parks.
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